Tin tức và sự kiện

Tổn thương não ở trẻ em khi bị lắc mạnh

Cập nhật lúc: 4:36:39 CH - 15/04/2011

(suckhoedoisong.vn) - Cơ vùng cổ của bé còn yếu nên không đủ sức giữ cho đầu ở vị trí ổn định. Do đó, khi bị lắc mạnh, não của trẻ bị dịch chuyển qua lại với cường độ cao trong hộp sọ, dẫn đến hậu quả tổn thương não và các cấu trúc thần kinh khác.

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Người lớn cần tránh việc lắc bé mạnh

Lứa tuổi thường bị tổn thương não theo cơ chế này là những trẻ sơ sinh hay nhũ nhi, trung bình từ 3 - 8 tháng; đôi khi xảy ra ở trẻ lớn hơn đến 4 tuổi.

 

Các thương tổn xảy ra tùy theo mức độ nặng của hành động như: đứt mạch máu não và các sợi thần kinh, xé rách mô não, dập não và xuất huyết não. Trẻ có thể tử vong do tổn thương não nặng hay tiến triển lan tỏa. Nếu trẻ sống được thì di chứng thần kinh rất nặng nề: có thể bị mù; bị điếc; co giật, động kinh; chậm phát triển tâm thần vận động; yếu liệt; kém thông minh; khó khăn trong việc học tập và sử dụng ngôn ngữ; mất khả năng tập trung và ghi nhớ.

 

Biểu hiện của trẻ khi mới tổn thương?

 

- Ngủ gà.

 

- Tăng kích thích.

 

- Nôn ói.

 

- Bú và nuốt kém.

 

- Biếng ăn.

 

- Mất khả năng cười và phát âm.

 

- Cứng đờ.

 

- Co giật.

 

- Khó thở.

 

- Rối loạn ý thức.

 

- Đồng tử không đều.

 

- Mất khả năng nâng đầu.

 

- Mất khả năng nhìn tập trung hay vận động mắt.

 

Những trường hợp nhẹ, ban đầu có thể không có biểu hiện nhưng thương tổn vẫn tiếp tục phát triển, đôi khi biểu hiện di chứng khi trẻ ở tuổi đến trường. Khi đó, khó có thể nhận biết những biểu hiện bất thường đó của trẻ là do não trẻ đã tổn thương trước đó vì bị lắc mạnh.

 

Điều trị và phòng ngừa

 

Những tổn thương này thường để lại di chứng nặng nề nên việc điều trị vô cùng khó khăn và hiệu quả thấp, chủ yếu là phục hồi chức năng vận động và một chế độ giáo dục đặc biệt cho trẻ.

 

Những hậu quả nặng nề này hoàn toàn có thể phòng ngừa được, chủ yếu là do sự nhận thức của cha mẹ và người chăm sóc trẻ về nguy cơ thương tổn não khi trẻ bị lắc quá mạnh.

 

Chúng ta thường cảm thấy căng thẳng và bực bội khi trẻ khóc, dễ dẫn đến hành động bạo lực như dằn mạnh trẻ hay cầm vai trẻ lắc mạnh. Những cách sau đây có thể làm bé nín khóc nhanh và giúp các bậc phụ huynh giảm bớt sự khó chịu:

 

- Đong đưa nhẹ nhàng bé trên tay hoặc trong nôi.

 

- Quấn khăn hoặc mền cho bé có cảm giác an toàn và ấm áp.

 

- Tạo ra những tiếng động lạ để gây cho bé sự chú ý.

 

- Cho bé những đồ chơi có âm thanh.

 

- Hát, ru hay nói chuyện với bé.

 

- Cho bé bú mẹ hoặc sữa bình.

 

- Đặt bé nằm áp sát vào người mẹ và thở chậm rãi, nhẹ nhàng.

 

Nếu bé vẫn còn khóc nhiều, chúng ta nên xem xét: bé có đói, tã có ẩm ướt không, có dấu hiệu bệnh như: sốt, khó nuốt, ăn không tiêu, đau bụng không…

 

Nếu có biểu hiện bất thường, nên đưa bé đến bác sĩ thăm khám.

 

Cha mẹ nên biết cách điều khiển cảm xúc, tránh những căng thẳng khi chăm sóc trẻ và cảnh báo với những người tham gia chăm sóc trẻ sự nguy hiểm cho trẻ khi bị lắc mạnh.

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