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VAI TRÒ CỦA VI KHUẨN HELICOBARTER PYLORI TRONG BỆNH LÝ DẠ DÀY TÁ TRÀNG

Cập nhật lúc: 3:32:04 CH - 01/10/2018

Viêm loét dạ dày - tá tràng là một bệnh lý thường gặp, dễ chữa nhưng rất hay tái phát. Từ lúc người ta tìm ra vai trò của vi khuẩn Helicobacter Pylori (HP) có liên quan đến viêm loét dạ dày - tá tràng thì việc điều trị này mang lại nhiều khả quan hơn.

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NHIỄM XOẮN KHUẨN HP

 

H.Pylori (HP) là một xoắn khuẩn gam âm do hai nhà khoa học người Úc: Barry J. Marshall và J. Robin Warren, giảng dạy môn Vi sinh tại Đại học Western Australia, phát hiện ra vào năm 1983. Hai nhà khoa học này đã nhận được giải Nobel Y học vào năm 2005 vì đã tìm ra được vai trò bệnh nguyên của HP trong bệnh lý viêm loét dạ dày tá tràng. Và ngày nay người ta cũng đã nhận thấy có sự liên quan của HP trong viêm dạ dày mạn tính và ung thư dạ dày.

 

 

Tại Bệnh viện An Sinh, trong số bệnh nhân có bệnh lý dạ dày đến khám tại phòng khám tiêu hóa có thực hiện nội soi dạ dày và thực hiện xét nghiệm Clotest tìm HP trong dạ dày thì phát hiện tỷ lệ nhiễm HP như sau: Năm 2006 (khoảng 41,30%); năm 2007 (khoảng 31,41%); năm 2008 (khoảng 35,82%).

 

 

Nên xét nghiệm tìm HP khi có các triệu chứng như: rối loạn tiêu hóa, giảm cân, xuất huyết tiêu hóa, thiếu máu, khó nuốt, nóng rát thương vị…. Điều đáng lưu ý là trong phân của tất cả người nhiễm đều có sự hiện diện của HP và một số tỷ lệ người nhiễm HP dạ dày trong mảng bám răng cũng có sự hiện diện của HP.

 

 

Người ta cũng đã phân lập được Helicobacter Helmanii trong dạ dày của chó, mèo. Helicobacter Helmanii cũng gây viêm dạ dày cho chó, mèo và  H. Helmanii cũng đã được tìm thấy trên người bệnh. Do đó, người ta khuyến cáo không nên hôn chó mèo.

 

 

Ở bệnh nhân, HP xâm nhập tế bào niêm mạc dạ dày gây xâm nhiễm tế bào viêm đưa đến viêm dạ dày mãn tính. Trong phần lớn các trường hợp, HP không gây triệu chứng nhiễm khuẩn, nó chỉ làm tăng nguy cơ loét và ung thư tế bào tuyến dạ dày (vùng hang vị và thân dạ dày).

 

 

 

HIỆN CÓ 2 PHƯƠNG PHÁP CHẨN ĐOÁN HP: XÂM LẤN VÀ KHÔNG XÂM LẤN

 

Phương pháp xâm lấn là nội soi dạ dày - tá tràng. Qua đó người ta lấy một mẫu mô của dạ dày đem thử xem có HP không (xét nghiệm Clotest). Thử mô học (giải phẫu bệnh) giúp xác định loét và loại trừ bệnh lý ác tính của dạ dày.

 

 

Phương pháp không xâm lấn có 3 xét nghiệm thông dụng: (1) Bạn thở vào trong một dụng cụ, qua đó xác định xem có nhiễm HP không; (2) Hoặc xét nghiệm máu tìm kháng thể của HP: (3) Hoặc tìm kháng nguyên HP trong phân.

 

 

 

ĐIỀU TRỊ NHIỄM H. PYLORI

 

Tiêu diệt HP là mục tiêu quan trọng ở bệnh nhân loét dạ dày tá tràng. Việc sử dụng kháng sinh trong điều trị tiệt trừ HP cho kết quả tốt trong thời kỳ đầu. Tuy nhiên, ngày nay nhiều trường hợp điều trị bị thất bại vì tình trạng kháng thuốc của vi khuẩn HP.

 

 

BS. Đoàn Văn Thuyên | Khoa Nội soi Bệnh viện An Sinh

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Nguồn tin từ: Bệnh viện An Sinh